Zigong Dinosaurs World Science & Technology Co.,Ltd. makes, as you can probably guess from the name, animatronic dinosaurs. Which, for some reason, they attempt to sell via spam email marketing. We at BoingBoing have gotten spam like this before, from other manufacturers in the surprisingly robust Chinese animatronic dinosaur industry. What made this particular email stand out to me, though, was the above picture, of an animatronic Glyptodont covered in fur.

Now, I'd seen Glyptodonts before, but the reconstructions that I remember came across more as giant armadillos, as opposed to the huge beaver with a shell on its back that you see here. So I contacted Brian Switek, my favorite dinosaur blogger, to ask him which image of the Glyptodont is the correct one.

His response: They both are.

Glyptodonts — a family of creatures that includes the species Glyptodon — were, in fact, ancient relatives of today's armadillo. Many of them were the size of a Volkswagen Beetle. Like the armadillo, Glyptodonts were mammals. And some of the species really did have hair — including on their shells.

What's really interesting is that this isn't totally out of line with the appearance of some modern armadillos. There are several species of hairy armadillos wandering around the Earth right now. One of them is called the screaming hairy armadillo, in honor of the high-pitched squeals it makes if you try to mess with it. Its fur is sparse and tufty, sticking up from its shell and its legs. But another species — Argentina's pink fairy armadillo — really does look something like the animatronic Glyptodont — a pink shell attached to the back of a white, fuzzy rodent.

It's easy to forget the furry parts of Glyptodonts, though, because when we talk about them we tend to focus on their much-more-impressive armor. Besides the obvious shells, various species also sported bony patches on their exposed skin and some even had spiky clubs at the ends of their tails. All of that made an awful lot of sense for a herbivorous creature that had to live alongside saber-toothed cats.

Of course, those defensive adaptations didn't always work. Last year, Brian Switek wrote about a fossil specimen of the species Glyptotherium that had clearly been ripped apart by a big, hungry predator.

Stored within the American Museum of Natural History’s massive Frick Collection of fossil mammals is the busted-up skull of a juvenile Glyptotherium texanum designated F:AM 95737. Tiny fractures run over the entire skull – damage done after death but before fossilization – but most remarkable are two oblong holes sunk into the frontal bones. These holes were likely made by a large saber-toothed cat (though a jaguar is another possibility), and, as assessed by paleontologists David Gillette and Clayton Ray, the apparent ease with which the predator dispatched its victim suggests that this Glyptotherium was stuck. Rather than a sabercat jumping out from nowhere and biting the glyptodont on the head, they reasoned, “It seems more likely that this juvenile was stranded, perhaps in mud, or was otherwise debilitated, unable to avoid an approaching predator.”

The single, perforated skull represents a lucky catch for a saber-toothed hunter, as well as paleontologists. Traces of predation on glyptodonts are rarely found. Juveniles – in which the armor plating had not fully ossified – may have been more vulnerable than adult glyptodonts, but predation on these animals was probably more common than the small collection of damaged bones suggests. The recent discovery of additional armor accessories hints that some of these shelled mammals were in an arms race with the predators of their time.

Read the rest of Brian Switek's Glyptodont story

Read a Smithsonian article describing various Glyptodont specimens, including several with hair follicles on their shells.

Arizona was home to several species of Glyptodonts. Check out this article from Arizona Geology magazine that describes them particularly well.

William Saturno, a Boston University archeologist, excavates a mural in a house in Xultun. Photo: Tyrone Turner © 2012 National Geographic

An archaeological expedition in the northeastern lowlands of Guatemala yields an amazing discovery: the "9th-century workplace of a city scribe, an unusual dwelling adorned with magnificent pictures of the king and other royals and the oldest known Maya calendar."

From Thomas Maugh's report in the Los Angeles Times, on the dig in the ruins of Xultun led by William Saturno of Boston University:

This year has been particularly controversial among some cultists because of the belief that the Maya calendar predicts a major cataclysm — perhaps the end of the world — on Dec. 21, 2012. Archaeologists know that is not true, but the new find, written on the plaster equivalent of a modern scientist's whiteboard, strongly reinforces the idea that the Maya calendar projects thousands of years into the future.

To paraphrase modern-day Maya priests I've spoken with on past travels in rural Guatemala: "Well, duh."

The findings were first reported Thursday in the journal Science. The full text of the report requires paid subscription, but a recent Science podcast covers the news, and is available here (PDF transcript or MP3 for audio).

A related story at USA Today by Dan Vergano.

The astronomical calendar was unearthed from a filled-in scribe's room. While about 7 million Maya people still live in Central America today, the "Classic" Maya civilization of pyramid temples had collapsed there by about 900 A.D., leaving only a few birch-bark books dating to perhaps the 14th century as records of their astronomy, until now.

"The numbers we found indicate an obsession with time and cycles of time, some of them very large," Saturno says. "Maya scribes most likely transcribed the numbers on the wall in this room into (books) just like the ones later seen by conquistadors."

Explorers first reported the site of Xultun, once a large Maya center, in 1915. But it was only two years ago that National Geographic Society-funded archaeologists noted a small residential room partly exposed by looters. The room's walls proved to hold murals and small, delicate hieroglyphs inscribed in rows between paintings of scribes and rulers that not only corresponded to a 260 day ceremonial calendar and 365-day year, but the 584-day sky track of Venus and 780-day one of Mars.

And at the Boston Globe, Carolyn Johnson has a report here:

Scholars who study the Maya said the well-preserved room provides insights into the people’s lives beyond those drawn from the more lasting stone monuments and artifacts that archeologists often depend on to reconstruct ancient civilizations. It’s almost as if the researchers can peer over the shoulders of the scribes who were writing and thinking there. The BU-led team reported sections of the wall had been plastered over to make space for new text.

“For me what’s really amazing is people are erasing and changing it and adapting it,” said Charles Golden, associate professor of anthroplogy at Brandeis University, who was not involved in the research. “You get these works in progress that really humanizes this, it kind of demystifies it.”

Photo: Tyrone Turner © 2012 National Geographic. Zoomable "Gigapan" here.