Ben Marks of Collectors Weekly says, "We just published a piece about how streets came to be the exclusive domain of automobiles (spoiler alert: they didn't start out that way). Among other sources, we interviewed Peter Norton, author of Fighting Traffic, and Ben Fried, the New York editor of Streetsblog."
In 1924, recognizing the crisis on America's streets, President Herbert Hoover launched the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Any organizations interested or invested in transportation planning were invited to discuss street safety and help establish standardized traffic regulations that could be implemented across the country. Since the conference's biggest players all represented the auto industry, the group's recommendations prioritized private motor vehicles over all other transit modes.
Norton suggests that the most important outcome of this meeting was a model municipal traffic ordinance, which was released in 1927 and provided a framework for cities writing their own street regulations. This model ordinance was the first to officially deprive pedestrians access to public streets. "Pedestrians could cross at crosswalks. They could also cross when traffic permitted, or in other words, when there was no traffic," explains Norton. "But other than that, the streets were now for cars. That model was presented to the cities of America by the U.S. Department of Commerce, which gave it the stamp of official government recommendation, and it was very successful and widely adopted." By the 1930s, this legislation represented the new rule of the road, making it more difficult to take legal recourse against drivers.
Meanwhile, the auto industry continued to improve its public image by encouraging licensing to give drivers legitimacy, even though most early licenses required no testing. Norton explains that in addition to the revenue it generated, the driver's license "would exonerate the average motorist in the public eye, so that driving itself wouldn't be considered dangerous, and you could direct blame at the reckless minority." Working with local police and civic groups like the Boy Scouts, auto clubs pushed to socialize new pedestrian behavior, often by shaming or ostracizing people who entered the street on foot. Part of this effort was the adoption of the term "jaywalker," which originally referred to a clueless person unaccustomed to busy city life ("jay" was slang for a hayseed or country bumpkin).
"Drivers first used the word 'jaywalker' to criticize pedestrians," says Norton, "and eventually, it became an organized campaign by auto dealers and auto clubs to change attitudes about walking in the street wherever you wanted to. They had people dressed up like idiots with sandwich board signs that said 'jaywalker' or men wearing women's dresses pretending to be jaywalkers. They even had a parade where a clown was hit by a Model T over and over again in front of the crowd. Of course, the message was that you're stupid if you walk in the street." Eventually, cities began adopting laws against jaywalking of their own accord.
Murder machines: why cars will kill 30,000 Americans this year
